Most traditional communications media Including telephone, music, movies, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Internet Protocol television (IPTV). Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to Web site technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet Affect supply chains across entire industries.
The origins of the Internet reach back to research commissioned by the United States government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of June 2012, more than 2.4 billion people-over a third of the world's human population-have used the services of the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995, when it was mostly used by tech-savvy middle and upper class people in the United States and several other countries.
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international of participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.
Terminologi
The Internet, referring to the specific global system of interconnected IP networks, is a proper noun and written with an initial capital letter. In the media and common use Often it is not capitalized, viz. the internet. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, but not capitalized when used as a verb or an adjective. The Internet is also Often Referred to as the Net.
Historically the word internet was used, uncapitalized, as early as 1883 as a verb and an adjective to refer to interconnected motions. Starting in the early 1970s the term internet was used as a shorthand form of the technical term internetwork, the result of interconnecting computer networks with special gateways or routers. It was also used as a verb meaning to connect together, especially for networks.
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are Often used interchangeably in everyday speech; it is common to speak of "going on the Internet" when invoking a web browser to view web pages.
History
History of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Community was first introduced to the concepts that will lead to the Internet when the message is sent through the computer science lab ARPANet of Professor Leonard Kleinrock at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), after the second part of the network equipment installed at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI ). Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.
In 1982, Internet protocol (TCP / IP) is standard, and as a result, the concept of a worldwide network of interconnected TCP / IP networks, called the Internet, was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the 1980s and early 1990s. ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Internet commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET disabled, eliminating the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Research and education community continues to develop and deploy advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. The increasing amount of data transmitted at higher speeds and higher over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit / s, 10-Gbit / s, or more. Takeover of the internet landscape is almost instant global communication in terms of history: communicated only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication network in 1993, was 51% in 2000, and more than 97% of the information telecommunicated in 2007. Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.
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